相见恨晚的 Python 内置库：itertools
来源 : 忆先
很多人都致力于把Python代码写得更Pythonic，一来更符合规范且容易阅读，二来一般Pythonic的代码在执行上也更有效率。今天就先给大家介绍一下Python的系统库itertools。
02 itertools库
迭代器（生成器）在Python中是一种很常用也很好用的数据结构，比起列表(list)来说，迭代器最大的优势就是延迟计算，按需使用，从而提高开发体验和运行效率，以至于在Python 3中map,filter等操作返回的不再是列表而是迭代器。
话虽这么说但大家平时用到的迭代器大概只有range了，而通过iter函数把列表对象转化为迭代器对象又有点多此一举，这时候我们今天的主角itertools就该上场了。
03 使用itertools
itertools中的函数大多是返回各种迭代器对象，其中很多函数的作用我们平时要写很多代码才能达到，而在运行效率上反而更低，毕竟人家是系统库。
itertools.accumulate
简单来说就是累加。
>>> import itertools
>>> x = itertools.accumulate(range(10))
>>> print(list(x))
[0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45]
连接多个列表或者迭代器。
>>> x = itertools.chain(range(3), range(4), [3,2,1])
>>> print(list(x))
[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1]
>>> x = itertools.combinations(range(4), 3)
>>> print(list(x))
[(0, 1, 2), (0, 1, 3), (0, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3)]
>>> x = itertools.combinations_with_replacement('ABC', 2)
>>> print(list(x))
[('A', 'A'), ('A', 'B'), ('A', 'C'), ('B', 'B'), ('B', 'C'), ('C', 'C')]
>>> x = itertools.compress(range(5), (True, False, True, True, False))
>>> print(list(x))
[0, 2, 3]
>>> x = itertools.count(start=20, step=-1)
>>> print(list(itertools.islice(x, 0, 10, 1)))
[20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11]
>>> x = itertools.cycle('ABC')
>>> print(list(itertools.islice(x, 0, 10, 1)))
['A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'A']
>>> x = itertools.dropwhile(lambda e: e < 5, range(10))
>>> print(list(x))
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> x = itertools.filterfalse(lambda e: e < 5, (1, 5, 3, 6, 9, 4))
>>> print(list(x))
[5, 6, 9]
>>> x = itertools.groupby(range(10), lambda x: x < 5 or x > 8)
>>> for condition, numbers in x:
... print(condition, list(numbers))
True [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
False [5, 6, 7, 8]
True [9]
>>> x = itertools.islice(range(10), 0, 9, 2)
>>> print(list(x))
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
>>> x = itertools.permutations(range(4), 3)
>>> print(list(x))
[(0, 1, 2), (0, 1, 3), (0, 2, 1), (0, 2, 3), (0, 3, 1), (0, 3, 2), (1, 0, 2), (1, 0, 3), (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 0), (1, 3, 2), (2, 0, 1), (2, 0,3), (2, 1, 0), (2, 1, 3), (2, 3, 0), (2, 3, 1), (3, 0, 1), (3, 0, 2), (3, 1, 0), (3, 1, 2), (3, 2, 0), (3, 2, 1)]
>>> x = itertools.product('ABC', range(3))
>>>
>>> print(list(x))
[('A', 0), ('A', 1), ('A', 2), ('B', 0), ('B', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 0), ('C', 1), ('C', 2)]
>>> x = itertools.repeat(0, 5)
>>> print(list(x))
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
>>> x = itertools.starmap(str.islower, 'aBCDefGhI')
>>> print(list(x))
[True, False, False, False, True, True, False, True, False]
>>> x = itertools.takewhile(lambda e: e < 5, range(10))
>>> print(list(x))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> x = itertools.tee(range(10), 2)
>>> for letters in x:
... print(list(letters))
...
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> x = itertools.zip_longest(range(3), range(5))
>>> y = zip(range(3), range(5))
>>> print(list(x))
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (None, 3), (None, 4)]
>>> print(list(y))
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
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