ECMAScript 6 入门教程—Generator 函数的异步应用
1、传统方法
回调函数 事件监听 发布/订阅 Promise 对象
2、基本概念
异步
回调函数
fs.readFile('/etc/passwd', 'utf-8', function (err, data) {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(data);
});
Promise
fs.readFile(fileA, 'utf-8', function (err, data) {
fs.readFile(fileB, 'utf-8', function (err, data) {
// ...
});
});
var readFile = require('fs-readfile-promise');
readFile(fileA)
.then(function (data) {
console.log(data.toString());
})
.then(function () {
return readFile(fileB);
})
.then(function (data) {
console.log(data.toString());
})
.catch(function (err) {
console.log(err);
});
3、Generator 函数
协程
第一步，协程A开始执行。
第二步，协程A执行到一半，进入暂停，执行权转移到协程B。
第三步，（一段时间后）协程B交还执行权。
第四步，协程A恢复执行。
function* asyncJob() {
// ...其他代码
var f = yield readFile(fileA);
// ...其他代码
}
协程的 Generator 函数实现
function* gen(x) {
var y = yield x + 2;
return y;
}
var g = gen(1);
g.next() // { value: 3, done: false }
g.next() // { value: undefined, done: true }
Generator 函数的数据交换和错误处理
function* gen(x){
var y = yield x + 2;
return y;
}
var g = gen(1);
g.next() // { value: 3, done: false }
g.next(2) // { value: 2, done: true }
function* gen(x){
try {
var y = yield x + 2;
} catch (e){
console.log(e);
}
return y;
}
var g = gen(1);
g.next();
g.throw('出错了');
// 出错了
异步任务的封装
var fetch = require('node-fetch');
function* gen(){
var url = 'https://api.github.com/users/github';
var result = yield fetch(url);
console.log(result.bio);
}
var g = gen();
var result = g.next();
result.value.then(function(data){
return data.json();
}).then(function(data){
g.next(data);
});
4、Thunk 函数
参数的求值策略
var x = 1;
function f(m) {
return m * 2;
}
f(x + 5)
f(x + 5)
// 传值调用时，等同于
f(6)
f(x + 5)
// 传名调用时，等同于
(x + 5) * 2
function f(a, b){
return b;
}
f(3 * x * x - 2 * x - 1, x);
Thunk 函数的含义
function f(m) {
return m * 2;
}
f(x + 5);
// 等同于
var thunk = function () {
return x + 5;
};
function f(thunk) {
return thunk() * 2;
}
JavaScript 语言的 Thunk 函数
// 正常版本的readFile（多参数版本）
fs.readFile(fileName, callback);
// Thunk版本的readFile（单参数版本）
var Thunk = function (fileName) {
return function (callback) {
return fs.readFile(fileName, callback);
};
};
var readFileThunk = Thunk(fileName);
readFileThunk(callback);
// ES5版本
var Thunk = function(fn){
return function (){
var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
return function (callback){
args.push(callback);
return fn.apply(this, args);
}
};
};
// ES6版本
const Thunk = function(fn) {
return function (...args) {
return function (callback) {
return fn.call(this, ...args, callback);
}
};
};
var readFileThunk = Thunk(fs.readFile);
readFileThunk(fileA)(callback);
function f(a, cb) {
cb(a);
}
const ft = Thunk(f);
ft(1)(console.log) // 1
Thunkify 模块
$ npm install thunkify
var thunkify = require('thunkify');
var fs = require('fs');
var read = thunkify(fs.readFile);
read('package.json')(function(err, str){
// ...
});
function thunkify(fn) {
return function() {
var args = new Array(arguments.length);
var ctx = this;
for (var i = 0; i < args.length; ++i) {
args[i] = arguments[i];
}
return function (done) {
var called;
args.push(function () {
if (called) return;
called = true;
done.apply(null, arguments);
});
try {
fn.apply(ctx, args);
} catch (err) {
done(err);
}
}
}
};
function f(a, b, callback){
var sum = a + b;
callback(sum);
callback(sum);
}
var ft = thunkify(f);
var print = console.log.bind(console);
ft(1, 2)(print);
// 3
Generator 函数的流程管理
function* gen() {
// ...
}
var g = gen();
var res = g.next();
while(!res.done){
console.log(res.value);
res = g.next();
}
var fs = require('fs');
var thunkify = require('thunkify');
var readFileThunk = thunkify(fs.readFile);
var gen = function* (){
var r1 = yield readFileThunk('/etc/fstab');
console.log(r1.toString());
var r2 = yield readFileThunk('/etc/shells');
console.log(r2.toString());
};
var g = gen();
var r1 = g.next();
r1.value(function (err, data) {
if (err) throw err;
var r2 = g.next(data);
r2.value(function (err, data) {
if (err) throw err;
g.next(data);
});
});
Thunk 函数的自动流程管理
function run(fn) {
var gen = fn();
function next(err, data) {
var result = gen.next(data);
if (result.done) return;
result.value(next);
}
next();
}
function* g() {
// ...
}
run(g);
var g = function* (){
var f1 = yield readFileThunk('fileA');
var f2 = yield readFileThunk('fileB');
// ...
var fn = yield readFileThunk('fileN');
};
run(g);
5、co 模块
基本用法
var gen = function* () {
var f1 = yield readFile('/etc/fstab');
var f2 = yield readFile('/etc/shells');
console.log(f1.toString());
console.log(f2.toString());
};
var co = require('co');
co(gen);
co(gen).then(function (){
console.log('Generator 函数执行完成');
});
co 模块的原理
基于 Promise 对象的自动执行
var fs = require('fs');
var readFile = function (fileName){
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject){
fs.readFile(fileName, function(error, data){
if (error) return reject(error);
resolve(data);
});
});
};
var gen = function* (){
var f1 = yield readFile('/etc/fstab');
var f2 = yield readFile('/etc/shells');
console.log(f1.toString());
console.log(f2.toString());
};
var g = gen();
g.next().value.then(function(data){
g.next(data).value.then(function(data){
g.next(data);
});
});
function run(gen){
var g = gen();
function next(data){
var result = g.next(data);
if (result.done) return result.value;
result.value.then(function(data){
next(data);
});
}
next();
}
run(gen);
co 模块的源码
function co(gen) {
var ctx = this;
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
});
}
function co(gen) {
var ctx = this;
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
if (typeof gen === 'function') gen = gen.call(ctx);
if (!gen || typeof gen.next !== 'function') return resolve(gen);
});
}
function co(gen) {
var ctx = this;
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
if (typeof gen === 'function') gen = gen.call(ctx);
if (!gen || typeof gen.next !== 'function') return resolve(gen);
onFulfilled();
function onFulfilled(res) {
var ret;
try {
ret = gen.next(res);
} catch (e) {
return reject(e);
}
next(ret);
}
});
}
next函数，它会反复调用自身。function next(ret) {
if (ret.done) return resolve(ret.value);
var value = toPromise.call(ctx, ret.value);
if (value && isPromise(value)) return value.then(onFulfilled, onRejected);
return onRejected(
new TypeError(
'You may only yield a function, promise, generator, array, or object, '
+ 'but the following object was passed: "'
+ String(ret.value)
+ '"'
)
);
}
处理并发的异步操作
// 数组的写法
co(function* () {
var res = yield [
Promise.resolve(1),
Promise.resolve(2)
];
console.log(res);
}).catch(onerror);
// 对象的写法
co(function* () {
var res = yield {
1: Promise.resolve(1),
2: Promise.resolve(2),
};
console.log(res);
}).catch(onerror);
co(function* () {
var values = [n1, n2, n3];
yield values.map(somethingAsync);
});
function* somethingAsync(x) {
// do something async
return y
}
实例：处理 Stream
data事件：下一块数据块已经准备好了。
end事件：整个“数据流”处理完了。
error事件：发生错误。
const co = require('co');
const fs = require('fs');
const stream = fs.createReadStream('./les_miserables.txt');
let valjeanCount = 0;
co(function*() {
while(true) {
const res = yield Promise.race([
new Promise(resolve => stream.once('data', resolve)),
new Promise(resolve => stream.once('end', resolve)),
new Promise((resolve, reject) => stream.once('error', reject))
]);
if (!res) {
break;
}
stream.removeAllListeners('data');
stream.removeAllListeners('end');
stream.removeAllListeners('error');
valjeanCount += (res.toString().match(/valjean/ig) || []).length;
}
console.log('count:', valjeanCount); // count: 1120
});
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