SpringBoot 参数校验，高级特性，非常实用！
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2022-06-15 15:34
Spring Validation使用的文章，不过自我感觉还是浮于表面，本次打算彻底搞懂Spring Validation。Spring Validation各种场景下的最佳实践及其实现原理，死磕到底！简单使用
Java API规范 (JSR303) 定义了Bean校验的标准validation-api，但没有提供实现。hibernate validation是对这个规范的实现，并增加了校验注解如@Email、@Length等。Spring Validation是对hibernate validation的二次封装，用于支持spring mvc参数自动校验。接下来，我们以spring-boot项目为例，介绍Spring Validation的使用。
引入依赖
spring-boot版本小于2.3.x，spring-boot-starter-web会自动传入hibernate-validator依赖。如果spring-boot版本大于2.3.x，则需要手动引入依赖：<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
<version>6.0.1.Final</version>
</dependency>
web服务来说，为防止非法参数对业务造成影响，在Controller层一定要做参数校验的！大部分情况下，请求参数分为如下两种形式：POST、PUT请求，使用requestBody传递参数；GET请求，使用requestParam/PathVariable传递参数。
requestBody和requestParam/PathVariable的参数校验实战！requestBody参数校验
POST、PUT请求一般会使用requestBody传递参数，这种情况下，后端使用** DTO 对象进行接收。只要给 DTO 对象加上@Validated注解就能实现自动参数校验**。比如，有一个保存User的接口，要求userName长度是2-10，account和password字段长度是6-20。如果校验失败，会抛出MethodArgumentNotValidException异常，Spring默认会将其转为400（Bad Request）请求。Bean对象。在 DTO字段上声明约束注解
@Data
public class UserDTO {
private Long userId;
@NotNull
@Length(min = 2, max = 10)
private String userName;
@NotNull
@Length(min = 6, max = 20)
private String account;
@NotNull
@Length(min = 6, max = 20)
private String password;
}
在方法参数上声明校验注解
@PostMapping("/save")
public Result saveUser(@RequestBody @Validated UserDTO userDTO) {
return Result.ok();
}
@Valid和@Validated都可以。requestParam/PathVariable参数校验
GET请求一般会使用requestParam/PathVariable传参。如果参数比较多 (比如超过 6 个)，还是推荐使用DTO对象接收。否则，推荐将一个个参数平铺到方法入参中。在这种情况下，**必须在Controller类上标注@Validated注解，并在入参上声明约束注解 (如@Min等)**。如果校验失败，会抛出ConstraintViolationException异常。代码示例如下：@RequestMapping("/api/user")
@RestController
@Validated
public class UserController {
@GetMapping("{userId}")
public Result detail(@PathVariable("userId") @Min(10000000000000000L) Long userId) {
UserDTO userDTO = new UserDTO();
userDTO.setUserId(userId);
userDTO.setAccount("11111111111111111");
userDTO.setUserName("xixi");
userDTO.setAccount("11111111111111111");
return Result.ok(userDTO);
}
@GetMapping("getByAccount")
public Result getByAccount(@Length(min = 6, max = 20) @NotNull String account) {
UserDTO userDTO = new UserDTO();
userDTO.setUserId(10000000000000003L);
userDTO.setAccount(account);
userDTO.setUserName("xixi");
userDTO.setAccount("11111111111111111");
return Result.ok(userDTO);
}
}
统一异常处理
MethodArgumentNotValidException或者ConstraintViolationException异常。在实际项目开发中，通常会用统一异常处理来返回一个更友好的提示。比如我们系统要求无论发送什么异常，http的状态码必须返回200，由业务码去区分系统的异常情况。@RestControllerAdvice
public class CommonExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler({MethodArgumentNotValidException.class})
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.OK)
@ResponseBody
public Result handleMethodArgumentNotValidException(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
BindingResult bindingResult = ex.getBindingResult();
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("校验失败:");
for (FieldError fieldError : bindingResult.getFieldErrors()) {
sb.append(fieldError.getField()).append("：").append(fieldError.getDefaultMessage()).append(", ");
}
String msg = sb.toString();
return Result.fail(BusinessCode.参数校验失败, msg);
}
@ExceptionHandler({ConstraintViolationException.class})
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.OK)
@ResponseBody
public Result handleConstraintViolationException(ConstraintViolationException ex) {
return Result.fail(BusinessCode.参数校验失败, ex.getMessage());
}
}
进阶使用
分组校验
DTO类来接收参数，而不同方法的校验规则很可能是不一样的。这个时候，简单地在DTO类的字段上加约束注解无法解决这个问题。因此，spring-validation支持了分组校验的功能，专门用来解决这类问题。还是上面的例子，比如保存User的时候，UserId是可空的，但是更新User的时候，UserId的值必须>=10000000000000000L；其它字段的校验规则在两种情况下一样。这个时候使用分组校验的代码示例如下：约束注解上声明适用的分组信息 groups
@Data
public class UserDTO {
@Min(value = 10000000000000000L, groups = Update.class)
private Long userId;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 2, max = 10, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String userName;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 6, max = 20, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String account;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 6, max = 20, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String password;
public interface Save {
}
public interface Update {
}
}
@Validated注解上指定校验分组
@PostMapping("/save")
public Result saveUser(@RequestBody @Validated(UserDTO.Save.class) UserDTO userDTO) {
return Result.ok();
}
@PostMapping("/update")
public Result updateUser(@RequestBody @Validated(UserDTO.Update.class) UserDTO userDTO) {
return Result.ok();
}
嵌套校验
DTO类里面的字段都是基本数据类型和String类型。但是实际场景中，有可能某个字段也是一个对象，这种情况先，可以使用嵌套校验。User信息的时候同时还带有Job信息。需要注意的是，此时DTO类的对应字段必须标记@Valid注解。@Data
public class UserDTO {
@Min(value = 10000000000000000L, groups = Update.class)
private Long userId;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 2, max = 10, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String userName;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 6, max = 20, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String account;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 6, max = 20, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String password;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Valid
private Job job;
@Data
public static class Job {
@Min(value = 1, groups = Update.class)
private Long jobId;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 2, max = 10, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String jobName;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 2, max = 10, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String position;
}
public interface Save {
}
public interface Update {
}
}
嵌套集合校验会对集合里面的每一项都进行校验，例如List<Job>字段会对这个list里面的每一个Job对象都进行校验。集合校验
json数组给后台，并希望对数组中的每一项都进行参数校验。此时，如果我们直接使用java.util.Collection下的list或者set来接收数据，参数校验并不会生效！我们可以使用自定义list集合来接收参数：包装 List类型，并声明@Valid注解
public class ValidationList<E> implements List<E> {
@Delegate
@Valid
public List<E> list = new ArrayList<>();
@Override
public String toString() {
return list.toString();
}
}
@Delegate注解受lombok版本限制，1.18.6以上版本可支持。如果校验不通过，会抛出NotReadablePropertyException，同样可以使用统一异常进行处理。User对象，Controller层的方法可以这么写：@PostMapping("/saveList")
public Result saveList(@RequestBody @Validated(UserDTO.Save.class) ValidationList<UserDTO> userList) {
return Result.ok();
}
自定义校验
spring validation非常简单，假设我们自定义加密id（由数字或者a-f的字母组成，32-256长度）校验，主要分为两步：自定义约束注解
@Target({METHOD, FIELD, ANNOTATION_TYPE, CONSTRUCTOR, PARAMETER})
@Retention(RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Constraint(validatedBy = {EncryptIdValidator.class})
public @interface EncryptId {
String message() default "加密id格式错误";
Class<?>[] groups() default {};
Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
}
实现 ConstraintValidator接口编写约束校验器
public class EncryptIdValidator implements ConstraintValidator<EncryptId, String> {
private static final Pattern PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^[a-f\\d]{32,256}$");
@Override
public boolean isValid(String value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
if (value != null) {
Matcher matcher = PATTERN.matcher(value);
return matcher.find();
}
return true;
}
}
@EncryptId进行参数校验了！编程式校验
注解来实现自动校验的，在某些情况下，我们可能希望以编程方式调用验证。这个时候可以注入javax.validation.Validator对象，然后再调用其api。@Autowired
private javax.validation.Validator globalValidator;
@PostMapping("/saveWithCodingValidate")
public Result saveWithCodingValidate(@RequestBody UserDTO userDTO) {
Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDTO>> validate = globalValidator.validate(userDTO, UserDTO.Save.class);
if (validate.isEmpty()) {
} else {
for (ConstraintViolation<UserDTO> userDTOConstraintViolation : validate) {
System.out.println(userDTOConstraintViolation);
}
}
return Result.ok();
}
快速失败 (Fail Fast)
Spring Validation默认会校验完所有字段，然后才抛出异常。可以通过一些简单的配置，开启Fali Fast模式，一旦校验失败就立即返回。@Bean
public Validator validator() {
ValidatorFactory validatorFactory = Validation.byProvider(HibernateValidator.class)
.configure()
.failFast(true)
.buildValidatorFactory();
return validatorFactory.getValidator();
}
@Valid和@Validated区别
实现原理
requestBody参数校验实现原理
spring-mvc中，RequestResponseBodyMethodProcessor是用于解析@RequestBody标注的参数以及处理@ResponseBody标注方法的返回值的。显然，执行参数校验的逻辑肯定就在解析参数的方法resolveArgument()中：public class RequestResponseBodyMethodProcessor extends AbstractMessageConverterMethodProcessor {
@Override
public Object resolveArgument(MethodParameter parameter, @Nullable ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer,
NativeWebRequest webRequest, @Nullable WebDataBinderFactory binderFactory) throws Exception {
parameter = parameter.nestedIfOptional();
Object arg = readWithMessageConverters(webRequest, parameter, parameter.getNestedGenericParameterType());
String name = Conventions.getVariableNameForParameter(parameter);
if (binderFactory != null) {
WebDataBinder binder = binderFactory.createBinder(webRequest, arg, name);
if (arg != null) {
validateIfApplicable(binder, parameter);
if (binder.getBindingResult().hasErrors() && isBindExceptionRequired(binder, parameter)) {
throw new MethodArgumentNotValidException(parameter, binder.getBindingResult());
}
}
if (mavContainer != null) {
mavContainer.addAttribute(BindingResult.MODEL_KEY_PREFIX + name, binder.getBindingResult());
}
}
return adaptArgumentIfNecessary(arg, parameter);
}
}
resolveArgument()调用了validateIfApplicable()进行参数校验。protected void validateIfApplicable(WebDataBinder binder, MethodParameter parameter) {
Annotation[] annotations = parameter.getParameterAnnotations();
for (Annotation ann : annotations) {
Validated validatedAnn = AnnotationUtils.getAnnotation(ann, Validated.class);
if (validatedAnn != null || ann.annotationType().getSimpleName().startsWith("Valid")) {
Object hints = (validatedAnn != null ? validatedAnn.value() : AnnotationUtils.getValue(ann));
Object[] validationHints = (hints instanceof Object[] ? (Object[]) hints : new Object[] {hints});
binder.validate(validationHints);
break;
}
}
}
@Validated、@Valid两个注解可以混用。我们接下来继续看WebDataBinder.validate()实现。@Override
public void validate(Object target, Errors errors, Object... validationHints) {
if (this.targetValidator != null) {
processConstraintViolations(
this.targetValidator.validate(target, asValidationGroups(validationHints)), errors);
}
}
Hibernate Validator进行真正的校验处理。方法级别的参数校验实现原理
约束注解的校验方式，就是方法级别的参数校验。实际上，这种方式可用于任何Spring Bean的方法上，比如Controller/Service等。其底层实现原理就是AOP，具体来说是通过MethodValidationPostProcessor动态注册AOP切面，然后使用MethodValidationInterceptor对切点方法织入增强。public class MethodValidationPostProcessor extends AbstractBeanFactoryAwareAdvisingPostProcessorimplements InitializingBean {
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() {
Pointcut pointcut = new AnnotationMatchingPointcut(this.validatedAnnotationType, true);
this.advisor = new DefaultPointcutAdvisor(pointcut, createMethodValidationAdvice(this.validator));
}
protected Advice createMethodValidationAdvice(@Nullable Validator validator) {
return (validator != null ? new MethodValidationInterceptor(validator) : new MethodValidationInterceptor());
}
}
MethodValidationInterceptor：public class MethodValidationInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor {
@Override
public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
if (isFactoryBeanMetadataMethod(invocation.getMethod())) {
return invocation.proceed();
}
Class<?>[] groups = determineValidationGroups(invocation);
ExecutableValidator execVal = this.validator.forExecutables();
Method methodToValidate = invocation.getMethod();
Set<ConstraintViolation<Object>> result;
try {
result = execVal.validateParameters(
invocation.getThis(), methodToValidate, invocation.getArguments(), groups);
}
catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
...
}
if (!result.isEmpty()) {
throw new ConstraintViolationException(result);
}
Object returnValue = invocation.proceed();
result = execVal.validateReturnValue(invocation.getThis(), methodToValidate, returnValue, groups);
if (!result.isEmpty()) {
throw new ConstraintViolationException(result);
}
return returnValue;
}
}
requestBody参数校验还是方法级别的校验，最终都是调用Hibernate Validator执行校验，Spring Validation只是做了一层封装。评论