Java 生成随机数的 5 种方式,你知道几种?
阅读本文大概需要 5.5 分钟。
作者:专职跑龙套
链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/2f6acd169202
1. Math.random() 静态方法
double
,即 0 <= random <= 1
。for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(Math.random());
}
0.3598613895606426 0.2666778145365811 0.25090731064243355 0.011064998061666276 0.600686228175639 0.9084006027629496 0.12700524654847833 0.6084605849069343 0.7290804782514261 0.9923831908303121
When this method is first called, it creates a single new pseudorandom-number generator, exactly as if by the expression new java.util.Random() This new pseudorandom-number generator is used thereafter for all calls to this method and is used nowhere else.
Math.random()
方法时,自动创建了一个伪随机数生成器,实际上用的是 new java.util.Random()
。当接下来继续调用 Math.random()
方法时,就会使用这个新的伪随机数生成器。public static double random() {
Random rnd = randomNumberGenerator;
if (rnd == null) rnd = initRNG(); // 第一次调用,创建一个伪随机数生成器
return rnd.nextDouble();
}
private static synchronized Random initRNG() {
Random rnd = randomNumberGenerator;
return (rnd == null) ? (randomNumberGenerator = new Random()) : rnd; // 实际上用的是new java.util.Random()
}
This method is properly synchronized to allow correct use by more than one thread. However, if many threads need to generate pseudorandom numbers at a great rate, it may reduce contention for each thread to have its own pseudorandom-number generator.
initRNG()
方法是 synchronized
的,因此在多线程情况下,只有一个线程会负责创建伪随机数生成器(使用当前时间作为种子),其他线程则利用该伪随机数生成器产生随机数。Math.random()
方法是线程安全的。线程1在第一次调用 random()
时产生一个生成器generator1
,使用当前时间作为种子。线程2在第一次调用 random()
时产生一个生成器generator2
,使用当前时间作为种子。碰巧 generator1
和generator2
使用相同的种子,导致generator1
以后产生的随机数每次都和generator2
以后产生的随机数相同。
Math.random()
静态方法使用线程1在第一次调用 random()
时产生一个生成器generator1
,使用当前时间作为种子。线程2在第一次调用 random()
时发现已经有一个生成器generator1
,则直接使用生成器generator1
。
public class JavaRandom {
public static void main(String args[]) {
new MyThread().start();
new MyThread().start();
}
}
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + Math.random());
}
}
}
Thread-1: 0.8043581595645333 Thread-0: 0.9338269554390357 Thread-1: 0.5571569413128877 Thread-0: 0.37484586843392464
2. java.util.Random 工具类
An attacker will simply compute the seed from the output values observed. This takes significantly less time than 2^48 in the case of java.util.Random. 从输出中可以很容易计算出种子值。It is shown that you can predict future Random outputs observing only two(!) output values in time roughly 2^16. 因此可以预测出下一个输出的随机数。You should never use an LCG for security-critical purposes.在注重信息安全的应用中,不要使用 LCG 算法生成随机数,请使用 SecureRandom。
Random random = new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(random.nextInt());
}
-24520987 -96094681 -952622427 300260419 1489256498
public Random() {
this(seedUniquifier() ^ System.nanoTime());
}
public Random(long seed) {
if (getClass() == Random.class)
this.seed = new AtomicLong(initialScramble(seed));
else {
// subclass might have overriden setSeed
this.seed = new AtomicLong();
setSeed(seed);
}
}
nextBoolean()
- 返回均匀分布的true
或者false
nextBytes(byte[] bytes)
nextDouble()
- 返回 0.0 到 1.0 之间的均匀分布的double
nextFloat()
- 返回 0.0 到 1.0 之间的均匀分布的float
nextGaussian()
- 返回 0.0 到 1.0 之间的高斯分布(即正态分布)的double
nextInt()
- 返回均匀分布的int
nextInt(int n)
- 返回 0 到 n 之间的均匀分布的int
(包括 0,不包括 n)nextLong()
- 返回均匀分布的long
setSeed(long seed)
- 设置种子
Random random1 = new Random(10000);
Random random2 = new Random(10000);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(random1.nextInt() + " = " + random2.nextInt());
}
-498702880 = -498702880 -858606152 = -858606152 1942818232 = 1942818232 -1044940345 = -1044940345 1588429001 = 1588429001
3. java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom 工具类
ThreadLocalRandom
是 JDK 7 之后提供,也是继承至 java.util.Random。private static final ThreadLocal
localRandom =
new ThreadLocal() {
protected ThreadLocalRandom initialValue() {
return new ThreadLocalRandom();
}
};
ThreadLocalRandom
不是直接用 new
实例化,而是第一次使用其静态方法 current()
得到 ThreadLocal
实例,然后调用 java.util.Random
类提供的方法获得各种随机数。public class JavaRandom {
public static void main(String args[]) {
new MyThread().start();
new MyThread().start();
}
}
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextDouble());
}
}
}
Thread-0: 0.13267085355389086 Thread-1: 0.1138484950410098 Thread-0: 0.17187774671469858 Thread-1: 0.9305225910262372
4. java.Security.SecureRandom
Instances of java.util.Random are not cryptographically secure.Consider instead using SecureRandom to get a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator for use by security-sensitive applications.SecureRandom takes Random Data from your os (they can be interval between keystrokes etc - most os collect these data store them in files - /dev/random and /dev/urandom in case of linux/solaris) and uses that as the seed. 操作系统收集了一些随机事件,比如鼠标点击,键盘点击等等,SecureRandom 使用这些随机事件作为种子。
SecureRandom
提供加密的强随机数生成器 (RNG),要求种子必须是不可预知的,产生非确定性输出。SecureRandom
也提供了与实现无关的算法,因此,调用方(应用程序代码)会请求特定的 RNG 算法并将它传回到该算法的 SecureRandom
对象中。如果仅指定算法名称,如下所示: SecureRandom random = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG");
如果既指定了算法名称又指定了包提供程序,如下所示: SecureRandom random = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG", "SUN");
SecureRandom random1 = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG");
SecureRandom random2 = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(random1.nextInt() + " != " + random2.nextInt());
}
704046703 != 2117229935 60819811 != 107252259 425075610 != -295395347 682299589 != -1637998900 -1147654329 != 1418666937
5. 随机字符串
RandomStringUtils
类。Maven 依赖如下:<dependency>
<groupId>commons-langgroupId>
<artifactId>commons-langartifactId>
<version>2.6version>
dependency>
public class RandomStringDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creates a 64 chars length random string of number.
String result = RandomStringUtils.random(64, false, true);
System.out.println("random = " + result);
// Creates a 64 chars length of random alphabetic string.
result = RandomStringUtils.randomAlphabetic(64);
System.out.println("random = " + result);
// Creates a 32 chars length of random ascii string.
result = RandomStringUtils.randomAscii(32);
System.out.println("random = " + result);
// Creates a 32 chars length of string from the defined array of
// characters including numeric and alphabetic characters.
result = RandomStringUtils.random(32, 0, 20, true, true, "qw32rfHIJk9iQ8Ud7h0X".toCharArray());
System.out.println("random = " + result);
}
}
RandomStringUtils
类的实现上也是依赖了 java.util.Random
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