讲座（2）走进物联网

物联网是什么

物物相连的互联网。

其一，物联网的核心和基础仍然是互联网，是在互联网基础上的延伸和扩展的网络›

其二，其用户端延伸和扩展到了任何物品与物品之间，进行信息交换和通信，也就是物物相息

物联网的起源与发展

• 1995Bill Gates《未来之路》物物互联

• 2005国际电信联盟《ITU互联网报告2005：物联网》,指出无所不在的”物联网”通信时代即将来临。

• 2008年，IBM首席执行官彭明盛指出”智慧地球”构想

• 2009年，温总理在无锡调研时，对微纳传感器研发中心予以高度关注，提出了”感知中国”中心设在无锡、辐射全国的想法。

物联网的发展与展望

国内物联网的主要市场应用

物联网的原理

物联网的分类

1. 私有物联网：一般面向单一机构内部提供服务；
2. 公有物联网：基于互联网向公众或大型用户群体提供服务；
3. 社区物联网：向一个关联的“社区”或机构群体（如一个城市政府下属的各委办局：如公安局、交通局、环保局、城管局等）提供服务；
4. 混合物联网：是上述的两种或以上的物联网的组合，但后台有统一运维实体。

物联网的发展背景

技术前景：是广阔的，近些年上市的一些空气净化器产品，穿戴设备，家庭环境监控设备，在过去是不曾有的，在目前的消费背景下，正服务着大众。未来还会有更多的新式设备出现，这些正是物联网技术发展的必然结果，所以投身于物联网的技术研发，是很有前景的一件事。

›商业前景：较复杂。物联网是新兴市场，但是目前容量有限，创业者都是小公司，有较先进的技术容易被大公司投入加倍的人力和物力所超越，即使产品好，因为小公司影响力有限，产品也被市场接受也有难度。

物联网的基本架构及主要技术

• 物联网的实质是利用射频自动识别(RFID)技术，通过计算机互联网实现物品（商品）的自动识别和信息的互联与共享。RFID标签中存储着规范而具有互用性的信息，通过无线数据通信网络可将这些信息自动采集到中央信息系统，实现物品（商品）的识别，进而通过开放性的计算机网络实现信息的交换和共享，实现对物品的“透明”管理。物联网的参考体系架构可分为三层，即感知层、网络层和应用层，如上图所示。

• (1)感知层

• (2)网络层

• (3)应用层

物联网的基本架构-感知层

›感知层是物联网的皮肤和五官。感知层包括二维码标签和识读器、RFID标签和读写器、摄像头、GPS、传感器、终端和传感器网络等，主要用于识别物体和采集信息，与人体结构中的皮肤和五官的作用类似。

物联网的基本架构-网络层

网络层是物联网的神经中枢和大脑。网络层包括通信网与互联网的融合网络、网络管理中心、信息中心和智能处理中心等。网络层将感知层获取的信息进行传递和处理，其作用类似于人体结构中的神经中枢和大脑。 

物联网的基本架构-应用层

应用层的作用是将物联网的“社会分工”与行业需求相结合，实现广泛的智能化。应用层通过物联网与行业专业技术深度融合，与行业需求相结合，实现行业智能化，其作用类似于人类的社会分工。 

物联网主要技术

1、传感器技术 

2、RFID技术

3、嵌入式系统技术

4、M2M

5、两化融合

物联网的体系组成

• 运营支撑系统

• 传感网络系统

• 业务应用系统

物联网应用领域

物联网案例-牲畜溯源

物联网案例-个人保健

物联网案例-平安城市建设

物联网案例-未来数字家庭

物联网案例-智能公交系统

---

英文扩展

The internet of things is changing much about the world we live in from the way we drive to how we make purchases and even how we get energy for our homes sophisticated sensors and chips are embedded in the physical things that surround us each transmitting valuable data data that lets us better understand how these things work and work together but how exactly do all these devices share such large quantities of data and how do we put that information to work whether we're improving the production of a factory giving city residents real-time updates on where to park or monitoring our personal health it's the common Internet of Things platform that brings us diverse information together and provides the common language for the devices and apps to communicate with each other the process starts with the devices themselves which securely communicate with an Internet of Things platform this platform integrates the data from many devices and applies analytics to share the most valuable data with applications that address industry specific needs let's start with a simple example a car after taking a long road trip Rebecca notices that her check engine light has come onshe knows that she needs to have her car looked at by a mechanic but is not sure whether it's something minor or something that needs immediate attentionas it turns out the sensor that triggered Rebecca's check engine light monitors the pressure in her brake line this sensor is one of many monitoring processes throughout the car which are constantly communicating with each other a component in the car called the diagnostic bus gathers the data from all the sesensors then passes it to a gateway in the car the Gateway integrates and sorts the data from the sensors this way only the most relevant diagnostic information will be transmitted to the manufacturers platform but before sending this organized data the cars gateway and platform must first register with each other and confirm a secure communication the platform is constantly gathering and storing thousands of bits of information from Rebecca's car andhundreds of thousands of cars like hers building an historical record in a secure database the manufacturers added rules and logic to the platform so when Rebecca's car sends a signal that her brake fluid has dropped below are commended level the platform triggers an alert in her car the manufacturer also uses the platform to create and manage applications that solve specific issues in this case the manufacturer can deploy an application on the platform called the asset management system this application oversees all of theircustomers cars on the road as well as all the parts in their warehouses it uses the data from Rebecca's car to offer her a potential appointment time to service her car directions to the nearest certified dealer and a coupon for theservice what's more the app will ensure that Rebecca's brakes are covered underher warranty that the correct replacement part is ordered and then sent to the dealership so it is ready when she arrives but the manufacturers analysis does not stop there they have also deployed a continuous engineering application that tracks not only Rebecca's car but hundreds of thousands of others looking for ways to improve the design and manufacturing process of the car itself if the sameproblem in her brake line crops up in a critical number of other cars themanufacturer uses applications custom-built for the automobile industry top in point the exact problem they can see if these cars were made at the same factory used the same parts or came off the assembly line on the same day so whatdo all these pieces add up to streamlined inventory management for the dealer a better safer car from the manufacturer and for Rebecca it means she can be back on the road faster and get to where she's going safely all thanks to the Internet of Things