分享 16个 Matplotlib 绘图实用小技巧
本文主要 16 个 Matplotlib 绘图实用的小技巧。
matplotlib.pyplot 对象中有个 title() 可以设置表格的标题。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 显示中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(0,10)
plt.title('这是一个示例标题')
plt.plot(x,x*x)
plt.show()
具体实现效果:
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/8561bcdb54ce896120390d3142c117d1/92e345d1b507a48954e7f96d83be07a6.webp)
2. 添加文字-text
设置坐标和文字,可以使用 matplotlib.pyplot 对象中 text() 接口。其中 第一、二个参数来设置坐标,第三个参数是设置显示文本内容。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 显示中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(-10,11,1)
y=x*x
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title('这是一个示例标题')
# 添加文字
plt.text(-2.5,30,'function y=x*x')
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/cf9e4d6a79f40d6cb4915466cb0b33d9/1558cc4da48113ab60610276f2237d88.webp)
3. 添加注释-annotate
我们实用 annotate() 接口可以在图中增加注释说明。其中:
xy 参数:备注的坐标点
xytext 参数:备注文字的坐标(默认为xy的位置)
arrowprops 参数:在 xy 和 xytext 之间绘制一个箭头。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 显示中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(-10,11,1)
y=x*x
plt.title('这是一个示例标题')
plt.plot(x,y)
# 添加注释
plt.annotate('这是一个示例注释',xy=(0,1),xytext=(-2,22),arrowprops={'headwidth':10,'facecolor':'r'})
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/e7b60cae46a4f7b6bdc8c0eb4357bf5f/6e6e14afd0d935fe8acb8937cff36dc3.webp)
4. 设置坐标轴名称-xlabel/ylabel
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 显示中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(1,20)
plt.xlabel('示例x轴')
plt.ylabel('示例y轴')
plt.plot(x,x*x)
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/61ff7f98ad542e4ce7bfd09f5c859f91/f4cebf9f8044e6add3828cc51ea71a60.webp)
5. 添加图例-legend
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 显示中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
%matplotlib inline
plt.plot(x,x)
plt.plot(x,x*2)
plt.plot(x,x*3)
plt.plot(x,x*4)
# 直接传入legend
plt.legend(['生活','颜值','工作','金钱'])
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/675a167c929ea3eacae6d73a6da51e44/b30fb0d03709d8a1982bae38bf7d1045.webp)
6. 调整颜色-color
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(1,5)
#颜色的几种方式
plt.plot(x,color='g')
plt.plot(x+1,color='0.5')
plt.plot(x+2,color='#FF00FF')
plt.plot(x+3,color=(0.1,0.2,0.3))
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/e07731df62853b90e278022fc2ce1549/cb29ac4ab242effdb0703c5b6c53ae86.webp)
7. 切换线条样式-marker
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(1,5)
plt.plot(x,marker='o')
plt.plot(x+1,marker='>')
plt.plot(x+2,marker='s')
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/835fff21091f01fe025aa82bd6335ec6/f5eddc361e0c6c03cc3e5b0cb0077eec.webp)
其中 marker 支持的类型:
‘.’:点(point marker)
‘,’:像素点(pixel marker)
‘o’:圆形(circle marker)
‘v’:朝下三角形(triangle_down marker)
‘^’:朝上三角形(triangle_up marker)
‘<‘:朝左三角形(triangle_left marker)
‘>’:朝右三角形(triangle_right marker)
‘1’:(tri_down marker)
‘2’:(tri_up marker)
‘3’:(tri_left marker)
‘4’:(tri_right marker)
‘s’:正方形(square marker)
‘p’:五边星(pentagon marker)
‘*’:星型(star marker)
‘h’:1号六角形(hexagon1 marker)
‘H’:2号六角形(hexagon2 marker)
‘+’:+号标记(plus marker)
‘x’:x号标记(x marker)
‘D’:菱形(diamond marker)
‘d’:小型菱形(thin_diamond marker)
‘|’:垂直线形(vline marker)
‘_’:水平线形(hline marker)
具体各个效果类型如下
8. 显示数学公式-mathtext
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
plt.title('chenqionghe')
plt.xlim([1,8])
plt.ylim([1,5])
plt.text(2,4,r'$ \alpha \beta \pi \lambda \omega $',size=25)
plt.text(4,4,r'$ \sin(0)=\cos(\frac{\pi}{2}) $',size=25)
plt.text(2,2,r'$ \lim_{x \rightarrow y} \frac{1}{x^3} $',size=25)
plt.text(4,2,r'$ \sqrt[4]{x}=\sqrt{y} $',size=25)
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/e2cc4065bcc912423f2664496ee6c31c/01194c2eed5632023698af15de3cba1c.webp)
9. 显示网格-grid
grid() 接口可以用来设置背景图为网格。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
x='a','b','c','d'
y=[15,30,45,10]
plt.grid()
# 也可以设置颜色、线条宽度、线条样式
# plt.grid(color='g',linewidth='1',linestyle='-.')
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/7e0031813e5dd2a15a56a3a869344152/0c5548018479acec143e0766c4542351.webp)
10. 调整坐标轴刻度-locator_params
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(0,30,1)
plt.plot(x,x)
# x轴和y轴分别显示20个
plt.locator_params(nbins=20)
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/f1dfdf7b7e0cbfde7045978df8ae4ef7/a445be78f6e6b19fdd8e6786d77436aa.webp)
11. 调整坐标轴范围-axis/xlim/ylim
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(0,30,1)
plt.plot(x,x*x)
#显示坐标轴,plt.axis(),4个数字分别代表x轴和y轴的最小坐标,最大坐标
#调整x为10到25
plt.xlim(xmin=10,xmax=25)
plt.plot(x,x*x)
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/7bd3ad3fcefba76cc747218fa1453375/455e6f5283be0e5b807801ca62b02778.webp)
12. 调整日期自适应-autofmt_xdate
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
x=pd.date_range('2020/01/01',periods=30)
y=np.arange(0,30,1)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.gcf().autofmt_xdate()
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/2939c9da8524b835f13ba0a08376eb47/1ec36964720f2b8b8adcd904da9e7515.webp)
13. 添加双坐标轴-twinx
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
x=np.arange(1,20)
y1=x*x
y2=np.log(x)
plt.plot(x,y1)
# 添加一个坐标轴,默认0到1
plt.twinx()
plt.plot(x,y2,'r')
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/9302e400897d57e5782b90c2661c694b/79a26463d228dd88fa07a1a0fb9856fb.webp)
14. 填充区域-fill/fill_beween
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 显示中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
%matplotlib inline
x=np.linspace(0,5*np.pi,1000)
y1=np.sin(x)
y2=np.sin(2*x)
plt.plot(x,y1)
plt.plot(x,y2)
# 填充
plt.fill(x,y1,'g')
plt.fill(x,y2,'r')
plt.title('这是一个示例标题')
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/7073b1e93992b3072d947ccbffa6b022/abcda523cc3fc18c672743a4b43580e1.webp)
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 显示中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
%matplotlib inline
plt.title('这是一个示例标题')
x=np.linspace(0,5*np.pi,1000)
y1=np.sin(x)
y2=np.sin(2*x)
plt.plot(x,y1)
plt.plot(x,y2)
# 填充
plt.fill_between(x,y1,y2,where=y1>y2,interpolate=True)
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/38e855135fe828b789a5acb67b7faa0d/2e53271feb702d2ffcc658156416efd1.webp)
15. 画一个填充好的形状-matplotlib.patche
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mptaches
%matplotlib inline
xy1=np.array([0.2,0.2])
xy2=np.array([0.2,0.8])
xy3=np.array([0.8,0.2])
xy4=np.array([0.8,0.8])
fig,ax=plt.subplots()
#圆形,指定坐标和半径
circle=mptaches.Circle(xy1,0.15)
ax.add_patch(circle)
#长方形
rect=mptaches.Rectangle(xy2,0.2,0.1,color='r')
ax.add_patch(rect)
#多边形
polygon=mptaches.RegularPolygon(xy3,6,0.1,color='g')
ax.add_patch(polygon)
# 椭圆
ellipse=mptaches.Ellipse(xy4,0.4,0.2,color='c')
ax.add_patch(ellipse)
ax.axis('equal')
plt.show()
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/9c407b6bc4cedde17894ae24157d4ddf/90d7522067b3ed4b10da6d996ead15fa.webp)
16. 切换样式-plt.style.use
plt.style.use('ggplot')
输入 plt.style.available
可以查看所有的样式:import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.style.available
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/0872d10665830d6af55c4ec976f6450b/ca4af06eb2950dfe6fcd2c645d7e157b.webp)
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mptaches
%matplotlib inline
plt.style.use('ggplot')
# 新建4个子图
fig,axes=plt.subplots(2,2)
ax1,ax2,ax3,ax4=axes.ravel()
# 第一个图
x,y=np.random.normal(size=(2,100))
ax1.plot(x,y,'o')
# 第二个图
x=np.arange(0,10)
y=np.arange(0,10)
colors=plt.rcParams['axes.prop_cycle']
length=np.linspace(0,10,len(colors))
for s in length:
ax2.plot(x,y+s,'-')
# 第三个图
x=np.arange(5)
y1,y2,y3=np.random.randint(1,25,size=(3,5))
width=0.25
ax3.bar(x,y1,width)
ax3.bar(x+width,y2,width)
ax3.bar(x+2*width,y3,width)
# 第四个图
for i,color in enumerate(colors):
xy=np.random.normal(size=2)
ax4.add_patch(plt.Circle(xy,radius=0.3,color=color['color']))
ax4.axis('equal')
plt.show()
![音符](https://filescdn.proginn.com/0f43c4207dee164fb4f0a2e334c1b02b/f8e09a706d4aaca1706d8146c1737681.webp)
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/0d5992b4fb51e8895cfb9f8e5bd7a86e/5286130559146637f1b6d910314567e5.webp)
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/05ddfb103b853b40f84de8796bdb0eb1/2772a368358aa7cb2234ad980011e446.webp)
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/b60a84c6eee567fbf4cb28f359118b58/32391ba1b63fdf3d10d4fd79ec17dbf2.webp)
![](https://filescdn.proginn.com/fa3fcf9c153d7a84e802d2e21ddceeb0/d4d92e616d2ba7b05d17932d741df02f.webp)