What Kinship Is-And Is Not-轻识

In this pithy two-part essay, Marshall Sahlins reinvigorates the debates on what constitutes kinship, building on some of the best scholarship in the field to produce an original outlook on the deepest bond humans can have. Covering thinkers from Aristotle and Levy-Bruhl to Emile Durkheim and David Schneider, and communities from the Maori and the English to the Korowai of New Guinea, he draws on a breadth of theory and a range of ethnographic examples to form an acute definition of kinship, what he calls the "mutuality of being." Kinfolk are persons who are parts of one another to the extent that what happens to one is felt by the other. Meaningfully and emotionally, relatives live each other's lives and die each other's deaths. In the second part of his essay, Sahlins shows that mutuality of being is a symbolic notion of belonging, not a biological connection by "blood." Quite apart from relations of birth, people may become kin in ways ranging from sharing the same name or the same food to helping each other survive the perils of the high seas. In a groundbreaking argument, he demonstrates that even where kinship is reckoned from births, it is because the wider kindred or the clan ancestors are already involved in procreation, so that the notion of birth is meaningfully dependent on kinship rather than kinship on birth. By formulating this reversal, Sahlins identifies what kinship truly is: not nature, but culture.

马歇尔·萨林斯（Marshall Sahlins，1930- ），出生于美国犹太人家庭，先后在密歇根大学和哥伦比亚大学受教育，从博士论文研究开始，他对非西方世界产生兴趣，并专门研究过太平洋岛屿的土著文化，进而反思西方世界各种观念的缺失。1956年至1973年执教于密歇根大学，1973年以来任芝加哥大学人类学教授。他的主要著作包括：《石器时代经济学》（1972）、《文化与实践理由》（1972）以及《历史之岛》（1985）等，这些著作对晚近西方人类学乃至整个社会科学领域都产生了较大的影响。