The Penguin and the Leviathan-轻识

What do Wikipedia, Zip Car’s business model, Barack Obama's presidential campaign, and a small group of lobster fishermen have in common? They all show the power and promise of human cooperation in transforming our businesses, our government, and our society at large. Because today, when the costs of collaborating are lower than ever before, there are no limits to what we can a...

For centuries, we as a society have operated according to a very unflattering view of human nature: that, humans are universally and inherently selfish creatures. As a result, our most deeply entrenched social structures – our top-down business models, our punitive legal systems, our market-based approaches to everything from education reform to environmental regulation - have been built on the premise that humans are driven only by self interest, programmed to respond only to the invisible hand of the free markets or the iron fist of a controlling government.

In the last decade, however, this fallacy has finally begun to unravel, as hundreds of studies conducted across dozens of cultures have found that most people will act far more cooperatively than previously believed. Here, Harvard University Professor Yochai Benkler draws on cutting-edge findings from neuroscience, economics, sociology, evolutionary biology, political science, and a wealth of real world examples to debunk this long-held myth and reveal how we can harness the power of human cooperation to improve business processes, design smarter technology, reform our economic systems, maximize volunteer contributions to science, reduce crime, improve the efficacy of civic movements, and more.

For example, he describes how:

•By building on countless voluntary contributions, open-source software communities have developed some of the most important infrastructure on which the World Wide Web runs

•Experiments with pay-as-you-wish pricing in the music industry reveal that fans will voluntarily pay far more for their favorite music than economic models would ever predic

•Many self-regulating communities, from the lobster fishermen of Maine to farmers in Spain, live within self-regulating system for sharing and allocating communal resources

•Despite recent setbacks, Toyota’s collaborative shop-floor, supply chain, and management structure contributed to its meteoric rise above its American counterparts for over a quarter century.

•Police precincts across the nation have managed to reduce crime in tough neighborhoods through collaborative, trust-based, community partnerships.

A must-read for anyone who wants to understand the dynamics of cooperation in 21st century life, The Penguin and the Leviathan not only challenges so many of the ways in which we live and work, it forces us to rethink our entire view of human nature.

[美]尤查•本科勒（Yochai Benkler）

★哈佛大学法学教授，哈佛大学伯克曼互联网与社会中心主任，TED演讲人，圣塔菲研究所公开演讲人，跨学科研究的先锋。

★互联时代知识传播、知识产权研究领域颇有建树的权威。2012年获牛津大学互联网学院“终身成就奖”，2011年获福特基金会“远见奖”，2007年获电子前哨基金会“先锋奖”，2006年获得非营利性组织“公共知识”（Public Knowledge ）颁发的IP3奖。

★知识共享理念的推动者，他的著作《网络财富》就是“知识共享”版权许可的。“知识共享”运动发起人劳伦斯•莱斯格称他为“信息时代最了不起的天才”。