苘麻
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2023-11-09 02:03
Abutilon theophrasti Medicus Malv. 28, 1787; Gee & Chien Cat. Pl. Kiangsu 98, 1921; Fernald in Gray’s Man. Bot. ed. 8: 1005, 1950; S. Y. Hu Fl. China Family 153: 31, pl. 8-1-4, 1955; 昆明植物研究所, 云南植物志 2: 205, 1979.——Abutilon avicennae Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 251, t. 135, f. 1, 1791; Debeaux in Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 30: 72, 1875 (Fl, Shanghai); Forbes & Hemsl. , ——in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 86, 1886 (Ind. Fl. Sin. 1) ; Fxanch. Pl. Delav. 107,1889; Gilg in Bot, rJahrb, Engler 34: 51, 1904; Komarov in Act. Hort. Petrop. 30: 31, 1907 (Fl. Mansh. 3) ; Juss. in Siuzev in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Sci. Bt.——Petersb. 9: 117, 1912; Ulbrich in Loes. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37 (2): 156, 1919; Limpricht in Fedda Repert. Sp. Nov, Fedde Beih. 12: 437, 1922; Liu in Bull. Peking Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 (3): 132, 1928; Hsia in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Nat. Acad. Peiping 1: 58, 1931; Pei .in Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China Bot.9; 182, 1934; 贾祖璋, 中国植物图鉴 433,图7349,1937; 崔友文, 华北经济植物志要312, 1953. ——Sida abutilon Linn. SP. Pl. 685, 1753. ——Sida tiliaefolia Fisch. Cat. Hort. Gorenk. 1808; DC. Prodr, 1: 474, 1824, Bunge in Mem, Acad. Sci. Petersb. Sav. Etrang. 2: 83, 1833 (Enum. Pl. Chiha) .——Abutilon abutilon (Linn.) Huth in Helios 2: 132, 1893; Rusby in Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5: 222, 1894. ——sida mollis auct. non Orteg. : Pavolini in Nour. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. s. 15: 407, 1908.——Abutilon molle auct. non Sweet: Dunn in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 413, 1911.——Abutilon avicennae var. genuina Skvort. in Lingn. Sci. Jour. 6: 220, 1930.——Abutilon theophrasti var. chinense (Skvort.) S. Y. Hu Fl. China Family 153: 32, 1955.——Abutilon avicennae var. chinense Skvort. in Lingn. Sci. Jour. 6: 220, 1930.——Abutilon thoephrasti var. nigrum. (Skvort.) S. Y. Hu l. c.——Abutilon avicennae var. chinense f. nigrum Skvort. in Lingn. Sci. Jour. 6: 220, 1930.
一年生亚灌木状草本,高达1-2米,茎枝被柔毛。叶互生,圆心形,长5-10厘米,先端长渐尖,基部心形,边缘具细圆锯齿,两面均密被星状柔毛;叶柄长3-12厘米,被星状细柔毛;托叶早落。花单生于叶腋,花梗长1-13厘米,被柔毛,近顶端具节;花萼杯状,密被短绒毛,裂片5,卵形,长约6毫米;花黄色,花瓣倒卵形,长约1厘米;雄蕊柱平滑无毛,心皮15-20,长1-1.5厘米,顶端平截,具扩展、被毛的长芒2,排列成轮状,密被软毛。蒴果半球形,直径约2厘米,长约1.2厘米,分果爿15-20,被粗毛,顶端具长芒2;种子肾形,褐色,被星状柔毛。花期7-8月。
我国除青藏高原不产外,其他各省区均产,东北各地有栽培。常见于路旁、荒地和田野间。分布于越南、印度、日本以及欧洲、北美洲等地区。
本种的茎皮纤维色白,具光泽,可编织麻袋、搓绳索、编麻鞋等纺织材料。种子含油量约15-16%,供制皂、油漆和工业用润滑油;种子作药用称“冬葵子”,润滑性利尿剂,并有通乳汁、消乳腺炎、顺产等功效。全草也作药用。